{"id":3311,"date":"2022-09-21T09:14:36","date_gmt":"2022-09-21T07:14:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edituracrimca.ro\/o-perspectiva-bisericeasca-asupra-camatariei\/"},"modified":"2022-09-21T09:14:36","modified_gmt":"2022-09-21T07:14:36","slug":"an-ecclesial-perspective-on-the-camatariei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edituracrimca.ro\/en\/an-ecclesial-perspective-on-the-camatariei\/","title":{"rendered":"A church perspective on begging"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cen contextul crizei economice r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite din ce \u00een ce mai mult pe \u00eentregul continent \u0219i nu numai, omul caut\u0103 s\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tige din absolut orice. Astfel, a vorbi despre cam\u0103t\u0103, este un subiect pe ordinea de zi. Cunoa\u0219tem faptul c\u0103, a da bani cu cam\u0103t\u0103 este o practic\u0103 foarte veche, \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 pe \u00eentregul mapamond, aduc\u00e2nd venituri considerabile f\u0103r\u0103 efort fizic sau intelectual. Singurul lucru de care trebuie s\u0103 dispun\u0103 c\u0103m\u0103tarul sunt banii. Din aceste considerente, cam\u0103ta este tentant\u0103 pentru mul\u021bi, spre a-\u0219i spori veniturile \u00eentr-un mod necinstit.<\/p>\n

Conform Dic\u021bionarului Explicativ al Limbii Rom\u00e2ne<\/em>, termenul cam\u0103t\u0103 \u00eenseamn\u0103: ,,dob\u00e2nd\u0103 excesiv\u0103 pe care o ia c\u0103m\u0103tarul pentru sumele date cu \u00eemprumut\u201d[1]<\/a>, iar c\u0103m\u0103tar este ,,persoana care d\u0103 \u00eemprumuturi b\u0103ne\u0219ti \u00een schimbul unei camete\u201d[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trebuie s\u0103 preciz\u0103m \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceput faptul c\u0103, de\u0219i reprezint\u0103 unul \u0219i acela\u0219i lucru, cuvintele cam\u0103t\u0103<\/em> \u0219i dob\u00e2nd\u0103<\/em>, au ajuns ast\u0103zi s\u0103 fie definite separat. Spre deosebire de cam\u0103t\u0103<\/em>, dob\u00e2nda<\/em> \u0219i-a c\u00e2\u0219tigat \u00een timp legalitate.<\/p>\n

A \u00eemprumuta pe cineva la nevoie este o porunc\u0103 divin\u0103; \u00eemprumutul ,\u00eens\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 fie f\u0103r\u0103 cam\u0103t\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 str\u00e2mtorare, cu scopul de a ajuta pe cel aflat \u00een impas financiar: De vei \u00eemprumuta bani fratelui s\u0103rac din poporul Meu, s\u0103 nu-l str\u00e2mtorezi \u0219i s\u0103 nu-i pui cam\u0103t\u0103<\/em> (Ie\u0219irea 22, 25). Tora<\/em> avea, a\u0219adar, prescrip\u021bii clare \u00een scopul protej\u0103rii s\u0103racilor, \u00een special a datornicilor, de l\u0103comia c\u0103m\u0103tarilor, impun\u00e2nd astfel obligativitatea de a da cu \u00eemprumut f\u0103r\u0103 a percepe \u00een schimb cam\u0103t\u0103. Dac\u0103 fratele t\u0103u va s\u0103r\u0103ci \u0219i va ajunge la str\u00e2mtorare \u00eenaintea ta, ajut\u0103-l fie str\u0103in, fie b\u0103\u0219tina\u0219, ca s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 cu tine. S\u0103 nu iei de la el dob\u00e2nd\u0103 \u0219i spor, ci s\u0103 te temi de Dumnezeul t\u0103u, ca s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 fratele t\u0103u cu tine. Eu sunt Domnul. Argintul t\u0103u s\u0103 nu i-l dai lui cu cam\u0103t\u0103 \u0219i p\u00e2inea ta s\u0103 nu i-o dai ca s-o iei cu spor <\/em>(Leviticul 25, 35- 37).<\/p>\n

A \u00eemprumuta pe s\u0103rac era considerat de Tora<\/em> un act de milostenie. Pe un astfel de om \u00eel laud\u0103 Psalmistul, c\u00e2nd zice: Bun este b\u0103rbatul care se \u00eendur\u0103 \u0219i \u00eemprumut\u0103\u2026<\/em>(Psalmul 111,5)[3]<\/a>. Dumnezeu \u00eensu\u0219i \u00eel laud\u0103 pe cel ce \u00eemprumut\u0103 pe s\u0103raci \u0219i nu ia cam\u0103t\u0103, \u00eencredin\u021b\u00e2ndu-l c\u0103 va fi viu (Iezechiel 18, 5-9)[4]<\/a> \u0219i \u00eel binecuvinteaz\u0103 \u00een toate c\u00e2te va face cu m\u00e2inile sale (Deuteronomul 23, 19-20)[5]<\/a>, iar celui ce urm\u0103re\u0219te s\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tige bani nemunci\u021bi de la aproapele s\u0103u \u00eei va lucra \u00eempotriv\u0103, atr\u0103g\u00e2ndu-\u0219i m\u00e2nia Domnului. \u00cen tine se ia mit\u0103, ca s\u0103 se verse s\u00e2nge; tu iei dob\u00e2nd\u0103 \u0219i cam\u0103t\u0103 \u0219i cu silnicie apuci c\u00e2\u0219tig de la fratele t\u0103u, iar pe Mine M-ai uitat, zice Domnul Dumnezeu. \u0218i iat\u0103, Eu Mi-am lovit palmele Mele una de alta v\u0103z\u00e2nd l\u0103comia ta, care se vede la tine, \u0219i v\u0103rsarea de s\u00e2nge, care se s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219e\u0219te \u00een mijlocul t\u0103u. Va suferi oare inima ta \u0219i vor fi oare tari m\u00e2inile tale \u00een acele zile c\u00e2nd voi lucra \u00eempotriva ta? Eu, Domnul, am zis \u0219i voi face.<\/em> (Iezechiel 22, 12-14)<\/p>\n

\u00cemprumutul gratuit se f\u0103cea numai cu cei de acela\u0219i neam, c\u0103ci de la str\u0103in, Tora<\/em> nu interzice s\u0103 se ia cam\u0103t\u0103, ci chiar recomand\u0103 acest lucru, cum de altfel era \u00een uz la toate popoarele vecine (Deuteronomul 23, 20)6<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 literatura veterotestamentar\u0103 \u00eeng\u0103duia cam\u0103ta de la cei de alt neam, Noul Testament <\/em>interzice cu des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219ire acest lucru, nefiindu-i \u00eeng\u0103duit cre\u0219tinului, indiferent de c\u00e2t de nevoia\u0219 ar ajunge vreodat\u0103, s\u0103 devin\u0103 c\u0103m\u0103tar.<\/p>\n

Noul Testament<\/em> \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 omul cu ceva aparte, cu porunca dumnezeiasc\u0103 a iubirii. Dac\u0103 legea mozaic\u0103 os\u00e2ndea c\u0103m\u0103t\u0103ria, legea iubirii ne \u00eendeamn\u0103: Celui care cere de la tine, d\u0103-i; \u0219i de la cel ce voie\u0219te s\u0103 se \u00eemprumute de la tine, nu \u00eentoarce fa\u021ba ta <\/em>(Matei 5, 42). Mai mult, suntem \u00eendemna\u021bi s\u0103 d\u0103m celor de la care nu a\u0219tept\u0103m s\u0103 mai primim \u00eenapoi: Oricui \u00ee\u021bi cere d\u0103-i; \u0219i de la cel care ia lucrurile tale, nu cere \u00eenapoi. <\/em>[\u2026]<\/em> \u0218i dac\u0103 da\u021bi \u00eemprumut celor de la care n\u0103d\u0103jdui\u021bi s\u0103 lua\u021bi \u00eenapoi, ce mul\u021bumire pute\u021bi avea? C\u0103 \u0219i p\u0103c\u0103to\u0219ii dau cu \u00eemprumut p\u0103c\u0103to\u0219ilor, ca s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 \u00eenapoi \u00eentocmai. <\/em>(Luca 6, 30; 34.)<\/p>\n

M\u00e2ntuitorul ne \u00eendeamn\u0103 s\u0103 fim milostivi: Fi\u021bi milostivi, precum \u0219i Tat\u0103l vostru este milostiv<\/em> (Luca 6, 36), \u0219i nu ne spune s\u0103 nu lu\u0103m cam\u0103t\u0103 de la fratele nostru, sau s\u0103 lu\u0103m de la cel str\u0103in, ci pur \u0219i simplu ne \u00eendeamn\u0103 s\u0103 fim milostivi \u0219i s\u0103 d\u0103m orice, oricui cere de la noi, dar s\u0103 d\u0103m ca \u0219i cum i-am da Lui Dumnezeu, deoarece aceasta este calea spre sfin\u021benie, iar nu a\u0219teptarea de a ni se \u00eenapoia ,,cu v\u00e2rf \u0219i \u00eendesat\u201d, c\u0103ci unde este comoara noastr\u0103, acolo este \u0219i inima noastr\u0103 <\/em>(Matei 6, 21).<\/p>\n

C\u0103m\u0103t\u0103ria este manifestarea iubirii de argin\u021bi, p\u0103cat de moarte, \u0219i r\u0103d\u0103cina tuturor relelor din care ies vl\u0103starele multor alte vicii: C\u0103 iubirea de argint este r\u0103d\u0103cina tuturor relelor \u0219i cei ce au poftit-o cu \u00eenfocare au r\u0103t\u0103cit de la credin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i s-au str\u0103puns cu multe dureri <\/em>(I Timotei 6, 10).<\/p>\n

\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura ortodox\u0103 a\u0219az\u0103 cam\u0103ta<\/em> \u00een r\u00e2ndul p\u0103catelor de moarte, deoarece, acordarea unui \u00eemprumut material cu dorin\u021ba de a primi \u00eenapoi mai mult, f\u0103r\u0103 a munci, este l\u0103comie, lips\u0103 de dragoste fa\u021b\u0103 de cel s\u0103rman, care, la r\u00e2ndu-i e chip al lui Dumnezeu, iubire de (\u00een)avu\u021bire. Sf\u00e2ntul Vasile cel Mare ofer\u0103 poate cea mai realist\u0103, complet\u0103 \u0219i ampl\u0103 defini\u021bie a ceea ce reprezint\u0103 cam\u0103ta: ,,Socot c\u0103 se nume\u0219te cam\u0103t\u0103 din pricina relelor multe la care d\u0103 na\u0219tere. Altminteri cum \u0219i-ar fi putut lua o numire ca aceasta? Sau poate se nume\u0219te a\u0219a din pricina durerilor \u0219i triste\u021belor pe care le produce de obicei \u00een sufletele celor ce se \u00eemprumut\u0103\u2026 Cametele s\u0103 se numeasc\u0103 \u2039\u2039pui de vipere\u203a\u203a, pentru c\u0103 ele s\u00e2nt odraslele c\u0103m\u0103tarilor. Se spune c\u0103 viperele c\u00e2nd se nasc, m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 p\u00e2ntecele mamelor lor; \u0219i cametele se nasc m\u00e2nc\u00e2nd casele datornicilor\u201d[6]<\/a>. \u00cen unanimitate cu Sf\u00e2ntul Vasile cel Mare, Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Casian, spune c\u0103 patima arghirofiliei, <\/em>din care ia na\u0219tere cam\u0103ta, este o form\u0103 de idolatrie \u0219i c\u0103 din ea se nasc multe alte vicii. Cel st\u0103p\u00e2nit de aceast\u0103 patim\u0103 \u00een vederea ob\u021binerii c\u00e2\u0219tigului r\u00e2vnit, este \u00een stare s\u0103 fac\u0103 orice compromis, s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219ind orice p\u0103cat \u0219i l\u0103s\u00e2nd loc pentru p\u0103trunderea altor patimi \u00een suflet[7]<\/a>. ,,Spune-mi! Ceri bani \u0219i c\u00e2\u0219tig la ace\u0219ti bani de la cel s\u0103rac? Dac\u0103 \u021bi-ar fi putut spune c\u0103 e mai bogat, ce-ar mai fi f\u0103cut la u\u0219a ta? A venit s\u0103-l aju\u021bi \u0219i a dat de un du\u0219man! A c\u0103utat leacuri \u0219i a g\u0103sit otrav\u0103! Ar fi trebuit s\u0103 u\u0219urezi s\u0103r\u0103cia omului, dar tu i-ai m\u0103rit lipsa. Cau\u021bi ca pustia s\u0103 rodeasc\u0103. \u00centocmai ca un doctor care se duce la bolnavi, dar \u00een loc s\u0103-i vindece le mai ia \u0219i bruma de s\u0103n\u0103tate ce le-a mai r\u0103mas, tot a\u0219a \u0219i tu, faci din suferin\u021bele nenoroci\u021bilor prilej de \u00eembog\u0103\u021bire. \u0218i dup\u0103 cum plugarii se roag\u0103 s\u0103 plou\u0103 ca s\u0103 li se \u00eenmul\u021beasc\u0103 semin\u021bele, tot a\u0219a \u0219i tu ceri ca oamenii s\u0103 fie s\u0103raci \u0219i lipsi\u021bi, ca banii s\u0103-\u021bi produc\u0103 bani. Nu-\u021bi dai seama c\u0103 n\u0103scocind din cam\u0103t\u0103 cre\u0219terea bog\u0103\u021biei tale, \u00ee\u021bi faci mai mare adaos de p\u0103cate?\u201d[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cam\u0103ta \u00ee\u0219i are originea \u00een patima iubirii de argin\u021bi, iar morala cre\u0219tin\u0103 ne \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 c\u0103 iubirea de argint este o patim\u0103 foarte grea, deoarece nu are nimic care s\u0103 o atenueze, c\u0103ci nu \u00ee\u0219i are \u00eenceputul \u00een firea omului, ci \u00een voia lui liber\u0103, \u00een libertatea de a alege[9]<\/a>. Omul singur prin libertatea voin\u021bei, alege s\u0103 slujeasc\u0103 ori lui Dumnezeu ori lui Mamona, c\u0103ci Mamona, \u00een limba greac\u0103, \u00eenseamn\u0103 bog\u0103\u021bie material\u0103<\/em>. Astfel Dumnezeu \u00eel avertizeaz\u0103 pe om, c\u0103: Nimeni nu poate s\u0103 slujeasc\u0103 la doi domni, c\u0103ci sau pe unul \u00eel va ur\u00ee \u0219i pe cel\u0103lalt \u00eel va iubi, sau de unul se va lipi \u0219i pe cel\u0103lalt \u00eel va dispre\u021bui; nu pute\u021bi s\u0103 sluji\u021bi lui Dumnezeu \u0219i lui Mamona<\/em>. (Matei 6, 24).\u00a0 Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Sc\u0103rarul vine \u00een ajutorul nostru \u0219i ne spune foarte limpede c\u0103 iubirea de argint este \u00eenchin\u0103ciune la idoli, fiic\u0103 a necredin\u021bei, pricinuitoare a neputin\u021belor \u0219i c\u0103 iubitorul de argin\u021bi este batjocoritor al Evangheliilor, al cuv\u00e2ntului lui Dumnezeu revelat \u0219i de voie c\u0103lc\u0103tor de lege. Apoi citim la scholia a doua la cuv\u00e2ntul al \u0219aisprezecelea cel pentru iubirea de argint<\/em> c\u0103 iubitorul de argint, dep\u0103rt\u00e2ndu-\u0219i mintea de la dragostea lui Dumnezeu, idoli de oameni s\u0103pa\u021bi \u0219i scobi\u021bi cu aur iube\u0219te[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

At\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t omul este st\u0103p\u00e2nit de aceast\u0103 patim\u0103, banul \u00eei este dumnezeul lui, \u00eens\u0103 un dumnezeu tiran, pentru c\u0103 Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Gur\u0103 de Aur ne avertizeaz\u0103 c\u0103 : ,,Tirania banilor este mare\u2026 De-am s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219i toate virtu\u021bile, dragostea de bani le prih\u0103ne\u0219te pe toate\u201d[11]<\/a>. Din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103, scriitorii p\u0103g\u00e2ni au numit iubirea de argint, acropol\u0103 a r\u0103ut\u0103\u021bilor<\/em>[12]<\/a>,\u00a0 Sf\u00e2ntul Apostol Pavel, r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 a tuturor relelor<\/em> (I Timotei, 6,10), iar Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan o nume\u0219te boala lui Iuda<\/em>[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Pentru a descuraja practicarea c\u0103m\u0103t\u0103riei \u00een r\u00e2ndul credincio\u0219ilor s\u0103i, Biserica a fost nevoit\u0103 s\u0103 ia unele m\u0103suri canonice ce au ca obiectiv \u00eendreptarea duhovniceasc\u0103 a celor care s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219esc p\u0103catul. ,,Caracterul cert spiritual al pedepselor biserice\u0219ti este indisolubil legat \u00een tradi\u021bia canonic\u0103 de caracterul centrat pe Euharistie, al experien\u021bei duhovnice\u0219ti \u00een ansamblul ei. Astfel g\u0103sim \u00een centrul a ceea ce numim \u2039\u2039drept penal\u203a\u203a al Bisericii Ortodoxe, cu un puternic caracter spiritual, centrarea pe Sf\u00e2nta Euharistie\u201d[14]<\/a>.\u00a0 Acest lucru este eviden\u021biat \u0219i de canonul 32 <\/em>al Sf\u00e2ntului Nichifor M\u0103rturisitorul[15]<\/a>, care interzice c\u0103m\u0103tarului s\u0103 se \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 sau s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce \u00eempreun\u0103 cu comunitatea. Dac\u0103 \u00een legisla\u021bia civil\u0103, pedeapsa pentru aceast\u0103 fapt\u0103 este privarea de libertate[16]<\/a>, \u00een legisla\u021bia bisericeasc\u0103, privarea de ,,hrana ve\u0219nic\u0103\u201d(Sf\u00e2nta \u00cemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219anie) este cea mai aspr\u0103, at\u00e2t pentru clerici c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru mireni.<\/p>\n

Canonul 14<\/em> al Sf\u00e2ntului Teofil al Alexandriei, prevede c\u0103, cel ce d\u0103 cu cam\u0103t\u0103 s\u0103 fie exclus din comunitatea bisericeasc\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 cu posibilitatea de a fi reprimit \u00een schimbul promisiunii c\u0103 se va l\u0103sa de aceast\u0103 \u00eendeletnicire. Sf\u00e2ntul Teofil, recomand\u0103 ca acest lucru s\u0103 se lase la latitudinea episcopului sau preotului care \u00eel cerceteaz\u0103 pe penitent \u0219i care consider\u0103 dac\u0103 este vrednic sau nu de a fi reprimit.<\/p>\n

\u00cen decursul timpului s-au constatat abateri \u0219i \u00een r\u00e2ndul clerului \u0219i de aceea Canonul 44 Apostolic<\/em>[17]<\/a> spune c\u0103 acel cleric care cere orice fel de dob\u00e2nd\u0103, ori s\u0103 \u00eenceteze, ori s\u0103 se cateriseasc\u0103. Canonul 17 al Sinodului I Ecumenic<\/em>[18]<\/a>, nume\u0219te acest p\u0103cat c\u00e2\u0219tig ru\u0219inos s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it din l\u0103comie \u0219i pune pe clericii care \u00eel s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219esc sub pedeapsa caterisirii \u0219i \u00eei face str\u0103ini de starea clerului, ca unii ce au uitat dumnezeiasca Scriptur\u0103. Observ\u0103m din acest canon faptul c\u0103 ,,at\u00e2t dob\u00e2nda simpl\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i cam\u0103ta, adic\u0103 dob\u00e2nda \u00eempov\u0103r\u0103toare \u0219i spoliatoare, este cu des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219ire interzis\u0103 pentru clerici, sub pedeapsa caterisirii, indiferent \u00een ce form\u0103 s-ar practica ea\u201d19<\/sup>. Despre acela\u0219i lucru vorbe\u0219te \u0219i canonul 10<\/em> Trullan : Episcopul, sau presbiterul, sau diaconul, lu\u00e2nd cam\u0103t\u0103 sau a\u015fa numitele sutimi (procente), ori s\u0103 \u00eenceteze, ori s\u0103 se cateriseasc\u0103. <\/em>Cam\u0103ta a fost os\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u0219i la sinodul de la Cartagina din anul 419 prin canonul 5<\/em> care os\u00e2nde\u0219te mai v\u00e2rtos pe clericii lacomi spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 ,,nimeni nu poate lucra \u00eempotriva prorocilor nici \u00eempotriva evangheliilor, f\u0103r\u0103 primejdie de a fi pedepsit\u201d.<\/p>\n

De\u0219i aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 a fost \u00eenfierat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din Vechiul Testament, iar Sfintele Canoane prev\u0103d m\u0103suri foarte aspre pentru mireni \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 echivoc, caterisirea clericilor ce s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219esc astfel de p\u0103cate, canonul 14<\/em> al Sf\u00e2ntului Vasile cel Mare[19]<\/a>, spune c\u0103 cel ce s-a ocupat cu c\u0103m\u0103t\u0103ria, poate fi primit \u00een cler numai dup\u0103 ce va fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit c\u00e2\u0219tigul agonisit de pe urma acestei \u00eendeletniciri, s\u0103racilor. Astfel, Sf\u00e2ntul Vasile, cu duhul s\u0103u filantropic, ne arat\u0103 tuturor faptul c\u0103 Biserica nu dore\u0219te moartea p\u0103c\u0103tosului ci \u00eentoarcerea \u0219i m\u00e2ntuirea acestuia.<\/p>\n

Niciodat\u0103 canoanele Bisericii nu au avut scop punitiv, ci scopul lor a fost acela de a face pe penitent s\u0103 con\u0219tientizeze faptul c\u0103 este amenin\u021bat de moartea spiritual\u0103 \u0219i de a-l ajuta s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 s\u0103 urce din nou pe drumul c\u0103tre \u00eenviere.<\/p>\n

\u00cen concluzie, de\u0219i nu a fost nicic\u00e2nd acceptat\u0103 \u00een istoria umanit\u0103\u021bii, fiind considerat\u0103 un ,,furt deghizat\u201d, ,,pui de vipere\u201d, ,,acropol\u0103 a r\u0103ut\u0103\u021bii\u201d, cam\u0103ta nu a putut fi oprit\u0103, pentru c\u0103, mereu s-au g\u0103sit persoane aflate \u00een nevoi \u0219i persoane care s\u0103 \u00a0profite de nevoile altora spre a-\u0219i rotunji veniturile nef\u0103c\u00e2nd nici un efort, prin aceasta agonisindu-\u0219i mul\u021bime de p\u0103cate. Un lucru \u00eens\u0103 este cert, acela c\u0103, Biserica prime\u0219te \u0219i pe unii \u0219i pe al\u021bii, \u0219i pe cei boga\u021bi \u0219i pe cei s\u0103raci, \u0219i pe cel drept \u0219i pe cel p\u0103c\u0103tos, pentru c\u0103 to\u021bi suntem fii ai ei, buni sau r\u0103i, \u00eentinz\u00e2ndu-ne tuturor m\u00e2n\u0103 de ajutor, unora prin filantropie, iar altora prin \u00eendemn la poc\u0103in\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Preot Ovidiu Macovei, <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Parohia ,,Sf. M. Mc. Dimitrie\u201d, Deia, com. Frumosu
\nProtopopiatul C\u00e2mpulung Moldovenesc<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\n

Bibliografie<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Biblia sau Sf\u00e2nta Scriptur\u0103<\/em>, Editura Institutului Biblic \u0219i de Misiune Ortodox\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti, 2013.<\/li>\n
  2. P\u0103rin\u021bi \u0219i Scriitori Biserice\u0219ti, Vol. 23, Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Gur\u0103 de Aur, Omilii la Matei<\/em>, trad. de Pr. D. Fecioru, Editura Institutului Biblic \u0219i de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Rom\u00e2ne, Bucure\u0219ti, 1994.<\/li>\n
  3. P\u0103rin\u021bi \u0219i Scriitori Biserice\u0219ti, Vol. 17, Omilii la Hexaemeron, Omilii la Psalmi, Omilii \u0219i cuv\u00e2nt\u0103ri<\/em>, trad. de Pr. D. Fecioru, Editura Institutului Biblic \u0219i de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Rom\u00e2ne, Bucure\u0219ti, 1986.<\/li>\n
  4. Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Sc\u0103rarul, Scara<\/em>, Editura Predania, Bucure\u0219ti, 2008.<\/li>\n
  5. Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Casian, Patima iubirii de argin\u021bi \u0219i vindecarea ei prin milostenie<\/em>, Editura Trinitas, Ia\u0219i, 2003.<\/li>\n
  6. Ioan Prof. Dr. N. Floca, Canoanele Bisericii Ortodoxe note \u0219i comentarii<\/em>, Edi\u021bia a-III-a, Sibiu, 2005.<\/li>\n
  7. Ieromonah Nicodim Sachelarie, Pravila Bisericeasc\u0103<\/em>, Edi\u021bia a-III-a, Valea Plopului, 1999.<\/li>\n
  8. Dic\u021bionarul Explicativ al Limbii Rom\u00e2ne<\/em>, edi\u021bia a-II-a, Editura, Univers enciclopedic, Bucure\u0219ti, 1998.<\/li>\n
  9. Emilian Iustinian Roman, Miscellanea juris, \u00eendrum\u0103tor bibliografic \u0219i canonic-legislativ<\/em>, Editura Performantica, Ia\u0219i, 2008.<\/li>\n
  10. Vlassios I. Phidas, Drept Canonic: o perspectiv\u0103 ortodox\u0103<\/em>, trad. Claudia Elena Dinu \u0219i Adrian Lucian Dinu, Editura Pontos, Chi\u0219in\u0103u, 2013.<\/li>\n
  11. Dr. Georgios I. Mantzaridis, Morala Cre\u0219tin\u0103<\/em>, Vol. I, trad. Diacon. Drd. Cornel Constantin Coman, Editura Arhiepiscopiei Sucevei \u0219i R\u0103d\u0103u\u021bilor, Suceava, 2014.<\/li>\n
  12. Prof. Dr. Petre Semen, Arheologia biblic\u0103 \u00een actualitate<\/em>, Editura Trinitas, Ia\u0219i, 2008.<\/li>\n
  13. Monitorul Oficial al Rom\u00e2niei<\/em>, Partea I, Nr. 827\/22.XI.2011, anul 179 (XXIII).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \n

    [1]<\/a> Dic\u021bionarul Explicativ al Limbii Rom\u00e2ne<\/em>, edi\u021bia a-II-a, Editura, Univers enciclopedic, Bucure\u0219ti, 1998, p.129.<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> Ibidem<\/em>, p. 150.<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> Pr. Prof. Dr. Petre Semen, Arheologia biblic\u0103 \u00een actualitate<\/em>, Editura Trinitas, Ia\u0219i, 2008, p. 139.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> De este cineva drept \u0219i face judecat\u0103 \u0219i dreptate; De nu m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 jertfit \u00een munte \u0219i spre idolii casei lui Israel nu-\u0219i \u00eentoarce ochii s\u0103i; femeia aproapelui s\u0103u nu o necinste\u0219te \u0219i de femeie nu se apropie \u00een timpul perioadei ei de necur\u0103\u021bie; Pe nimeni nu str\u00e2mtoreaz\u0103 \u0219i datornicului \u00eei \u00eentoarce z\u0103logul, furt nu face, celui fl\u0103m\u00e2nd \u00eei d\u0103 din p\u00e2inea sa \u0219i pe cel gol \u00eel \u00eembrac\u0103 cu hain\u0103; Banii s\u0103i cu cam\u0103t\u0103 nu-i d\u0103 \u0219i cam\u0103t\u0103 nu ia; de la nedreptate m\u00e2inile \u0219i le st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te<\/u> \u0219i judecata dintre un om si altul o face cu dreptate; De se poart\u0103 dup\u0103 poruncile Mele \u0219i legile Mele cu credincio\u0219ie le p\u0103ze\u0219te, acela este drept \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 viu va fi, zice Domnul Dumnezeu<\/u>.<\/em><\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> S\u0103 nu dai cu cam\u0103t\u0103 fratelui t\u0103u nici argint, nici p\u00e2ine, nici nimic din c\u00e2te se pot da cu cam\u0103t\u0103. Celui de alt neam s\u0103-i dai cu cam\u0103t\u0103; iar fratelui t\u0103u s\u0103 nu-i dai cu cam\u0103t\u0103, ca Domnul Dumnezeul t\u0103u s\u0103 te binecuvinteze \u00eentru toate c\u00e2te se fac de m\u00e2inile tale \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u00een care mergi ca s\u0103-l iei \u00een st\u0103p\u00e2nire.<\/em><\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> Pr. Prof. Dr. Petre Semen, Idem.<\/em>p.139.<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> Sf\u00e2ntul Vasile cel Mare, Omilia a-II-a la o parte din Psalmul XIV<\/em>, \u00een P\u0103rin\u021bi \u0219i Scriitori Biserice\u0219ti, Vol. 17, E.I.B.M.B.O.R, Bucure\u0219ti, 1986. p. 218.<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> Cf. Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Casian, Patima iubirii de argin\u021bi \u0219i vindecarea ei prin milostenie<\/em>, Editura Trinitas, Ia\u0219i, 2003, p. 4.<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> Sf\u00e2ntul Vasile cel Mare, Op. cit<\/em>. p. 215.<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> Prof. Dr. Georgios I. Mantzaridis, Morala Cre\u0219tin\u0103<\/em>, Vol. I, trad. Diacon. Drd. Cornel Constantin Coman, Editura Arhiepiscopiei Sucevei \u0219i R\u0103d\u0103u\u021bilor, Suceava, 2014, p. 45.<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Sc\u0103rarul, Scara<\/em>, Editura Predania, Bucure\u0219ti, 2008, pp. 227-228.<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> Sf\u00e2ntul Ioan Gur\u0103 de Aur, Omilia LXII la Matei<\/em>, \u00een P.S.B. Vol. 23, E.I.B.M.B.O.R. Bucure\u0219ti, 1994, p. 726.<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a> Ibidem<\/em>, p. 734.<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> Ibidem<\/em>, p. 910.<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> Vlassios I. Phidas, Drept Canonic: o perspectiv\u0103 ortodox\u0103<\/em>, trad. Claudia Elena Dinu \u0219i Adrian Lucian Dinu, Editura Pontos, Chi\u0219in\u0103u, 2013, pp. 138-139.<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Cei ce iau cam\u0103t\u0103 nu se cuvine s\u0103 se \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 sau s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce \u00eempreun\u0103 dac\u0103 st\u0103ruiesc \u00een nelegiuire.<\/em><\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> Legea, num\u0103rul 216\/2011, reglementeaz\u0103 interzicerea activit\u0103\u021bii de c\u0103m\u0103t\u0103rie. \u00cen contextul prezentei legi, darea de bani cu dob\u00e2nd\u0103, ca \u00eendeletnicire, de c\u0103tre o persoan\u0103 neautorizat\u0103, constituie infrac\u021biune \u0219i se pedepse\u0219te cu \u00eenchisoare de la 6 luni la 5 ani, iar sumele de bani ob\u021binute \u00een acest mod se confisc\u0103. Lege privind interzicerea activit\u0103\u021bii de c\u0103m\u0103t\u0103rie<\/em>, \u00een Monitorul Oficial al Rom\u00e2niei, Partea I, Nr. 827\/22.XI.2011, anul 179 (XXIII), p. 2.<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> Episcopul sau presbiterul, sau diaconul, care va cere dob\u00e2nd\u0103 de la cei pe care \u00eei \u00eemprumut\u0103, ori s\u0103 \u00eenceteze, ori s\u0103 se cateriseasc\u0103.<\/em><\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a> Deoarece mul\u0163i dintre cei care se num\u0103r\u0103 \u00een canon (<\/em>sunt socoti\u0163i \u00een r\u00e2ndul clerului) urm\u0103rind l\u0103comia \u015fi c\u00e2\u015ftigul ru\u015finos (<\/em>alerg\u00e2nd cu l\u0103comie la c\u00e2\u015ftig ru\u015finos), au uitat dumnezeiasca Scriptur\u0103 care zice: „argintul s\u0103u nu l-a dat pentru cam\u0103t\u0103 (<\/em>dob\u00e2nd\u0103)” (<\/em>Ps. 14,5); \u015fi d\u00e2nd \u00eemprumut cer sutimi (<\/em>procente), sf\u00e2ntul \u015fi marele sinod a socotit a fi cu dreptate, c\u0103 dac\u0103 dup\u0103 aceast\u0103 or\u00e2nduire, s-ar g\u0103si cineva lu\u00e2nd cam\u0103t\u0103 din \u00eendeletnicire (<\/em>cu treaba aceasta, cu c\u0103m\u0103t\u0103ria), sau astfel \u00eenv\u00e2rtind lucru, sau cer\u00e2nd \u00eenapoi \u015fi jum\u0103tate, sau orice altceva n\u0103scocind pentru c\u00e2\u015ftig ru\u015finos, s\u0103 se cateriseasc\u0103 din cler \u015fi s\u0103 fie str\u0103in de canon <\/em>(de starea clerului).<\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a> Arhid. Prof. Dr. Ioan N. Floca, Canoanele Bisericii Ortodoxe note \u0219i comentarii<\/em>, Edi\u021bia a-III-a, Sibiu, 2005, p. 67.<\/p>\n

    [21]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>Cel ce ia cam\u0103t\u0103, de va primi s\u0103 \u00eentrebuin\u0163eze c\u00e2\u015ftigul nedrept pentru s\u0103raci \u015fi dup\u0103 aceea se elibereaz\u0103 de boala iubirii de bani, el este primit la preo\u0163ie.<\/em><\/p>\n

    foto credit: doxologia.ro – Catedrala Arhiepiscopal\u0103 din Roman \/ Alungarea v\u00e2nz\u0103torilor din templu<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u00cen contextul crizei economice r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite din ce \u00een ce mai mult pe \u00eentregul continent \u0219i nu numai, omul caut\u0103 s\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tige din absolut orice. Astfel, a vorbi despre cam\u0103t\u0103, este […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3312,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articole"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nO perspectiv\u0103 bisericeasc\u0103 asupra c\u0103m\u0103t\u0103riei - Editura CRIMCA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/edituracrimca.ro\/en\/an-ecclesial-perspective-on-the-camatariei\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"O perspectiv\u0103 bisericeasc\u0103 asupra c\u0103m\u0103t\u0103riei\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen contextul crizei economice r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite din ce \u00een ce mai mult pe \u00eentregul continent \u0219i nu numai, omul caut\u0103 s\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tige din absolut orice. 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